A Collection of Essays by George Orwell

Book Review [pic] Essays of Orwell [pic] George Orwell (1903 – 1950) [pic] Edited by : M. G. Nayar Review done by : [pic] Fahimuddin Shaikh Roll no. 44 R. H. Patel English Medium B. Ed. College Kadi Sarva VishwaVidyalaya Campus, Sector 23, Gandhinagar. Year 2007-2008 Introduction : 1) The Aims of Book review : The book-review is appreciating, analyzing and criticizing a book wherein the reviewer goes through the book comprehensively to come out with his own ideas about the book and its value in terms of its internal and external features i. e. he content, subject-matter, theme, language, target appropriateness, impact upon the readers, the ability of the writer to convey his ideas and intention behind his work as well as the composing, binding, price, size and other physical features of the book. 2) Objectives of Book review : 1. The students develop writing skill by preparing notes. 2. The students develop interest in reading. 3. The students develop the reading skill. 4. The students acquire the hobby to develop the attitude of reading. 5. The students organize their thoughts. 6. The students get to know the nature of the book. 3) Importance of Book review : It enriches the knowledge. It enriches the language. It improves the skill of reading, writing and presentation. It develops the thinking ability. (4 ) Advantages of Book review : As B. Ed. is a new field for teacher-trainees to get acquainted with various types of books, the book-review enables them to acquire necessary skills of reading, writing, appreciating, criticizing and presentation. (5) Title of the book : The title of the book selected for the book-review is ‘Essays of Orwell’ edited by M. G. Nayar. (6) The aims of selecting a particular book : Selection of a particular book depends upon the need and the interest of the reviewer. The reviewer can review the book which he liked the most regarding the content or idea of the book. Or he can review a book to appreciate a particular work of art or literature or some useful information given in the book. I have selected ‘Essays of Orwell’ which is a compilation of essays written by George Orwell (1903-1950) in a very simple and lucid language. The aim of my selecting the ‘Essays of Orwell’ for the book-review is that the author shares his real-life experiences written with great earnestness and with the purpose of exposing, ridiculing and reforming the evils that prevailed in his age. Also the essays brings out the author’s extraordinary wide range of taste and concerns – like social, cultural literary, political and autobiographical. External features of the book : 1) Name of the book : The name of the book selected for the book-review is ‘Essays of Orwell’ and is edited by M. G. Nayar. 2) Name and detail of the author : The author of the book is George Orwell, one of the most prominent essayists of the 20th century. Eric Arthur Blair, who later became famous as George Orwell, was born at Motihari in Bengal where his father Richard Blair was employed in the Customs and Excise Department of the Government of India. pic] Orwell was sent to England at a very early age and he saw very little of his father till he returned to England on his retirement. His early years were very unhappy; he was lonely and had few playmates or companions. He had two sisters, a father and a mother all of whom were no closer to him. They were poor and the family depended solely on Mr. Blair’s small pension which was barely enough to keep up appearances. They found an exclusive preparatory school in the south coast, which was prepared to take the promising boy at a concessional rate in the expectation that he would win a scholarship and bring credit to the school. The lonely and sensitive boy had a very unhappy time in this school run by a snobbish headmaster and his equally snobbish wife. They never missed any opportunity to remind him that his parents were poor and that he was there through their charity. Orwell gives a vivid description of his school (under the fictional name Crossgates) and his sufferings there in his long essay satirically titled Such, Such were the Days’. He tells us : â€Å"I had no money, I was weak, I was ugly, I was unpopular, I had a chronic cough, I was cowardly, I smelt†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. † The humiliations inflicted on the sensitive and self-conscious boy in his wretched school by his bullying classmates as well as by those in authority left a deep scar on his soul. But from his childhood he had made up his mind to become a writer. He writes in his ‘Why I Write’, â€Å"From the very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew that when I grew up I should be a writer. Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the consciousness that I was outraging my true nature and that sooner or later I should have to settle down and write books. Writing would also enable him to answer two compelling needs of his nature, namely, to fight against injustice and oppression in all its forms, and to take upon himself the sins of the world and make atonement. Orwell essays show his deep concern with contemporary reality and its awareness of its sordid aspects. In other words we may say that it’s a fruit of his endeavour to remove various evils to reform the world around him so as to make it a better place to live in. Apart from essay Orwell is also known for his novels. Orwell shot into world-wide fame with the publication in 1945 of ‘Animal Farm’, a brilliant Swiftian satire on Russian Stalinism, authoritarian government and human fallibility and brutality. One of his most popular novels is ‘1984’ which presents a striking spectacle of totalitarianism in action. 3) Name of the Publisher and Edition : The book is published by ‘Macmillan India Limited’ and edited by M. G. Nayar. It was first published in the year 1980 and it has been reprinted in 1981, 1986 and 1994. 4) Cover page and Back page : The cover page is green-coloured thick paper with its title ‘Essays of ORWELL’ printed upon it inside a hexagonal white border. At the top is written the name of the publisher and at the bottom is the name of the editor. The back page is a plain white thick paper with the name of the publisher written on it. 5) Price of the book : The price of the book is Rs. 28. 00 6) No. of pages and no. of chapters : The book runs into 159 pages along with 11 pages of introduction at the beginning. The book consists of 12 essays on different subjects. 7) Binding of the book : The book is loosely bound with gum. The cover page is not strong enough to hold the pages of the book with the gum. 8) Fonts – shapes and size, printing size of the book : The fonts of the book are readable and have appropriate size. Proper line-spacing is given between the lines for a comfortable reading. The book is a pocket-size one and easy to carry. internal features of the book : (a)Theme of the book : The theme of the book ‘Essays of Orwell’ is promoting the moral responsibilities among people. Orwell feels disgusted with the intellectual dishonesty and moral depravity of his times and feels regret over the loss of sound values. He revolts against the various ills of his age, like injustice, inequality and loss of individual freedom. The theme of the book revolves round the idea to reform the people by inculcating the ideas of decency, integrity and intellectual liberty. b) Chapterisation : The book consists of 12 essays each of which are interesting and poised with the author’s qualitative analysis of the situations of the new world order. The central idea of some of the important essays are as follows : Essay I. Reflections on Gandhi : George Orwell showers praises on Mahatma Gandhiji referring to his autobiography ‘The Story of My Experiments with Truth’. The essay enables to see how the Western rationalist views the life an doctrines of the Mahatma whose life the author considers as a sort of pilgrimage in which every act was significant. Even though he fought against the mighty British Empire through the principle of non-violence the British officials who spoke of him with a mixture of amusement and disapproval also genuinely liked and admired him. Orwell stating Gandhi’s qualities says, â€Å"Nobody ever suggested that he was corrupt, or ambitious in any vulgar way, or that anything he did was actuated by fear or malice. † He further says, â€Å"His character was an extraordinarily mixed one, but there was almost nothing in it that you can put your finger on and call bad, and I believe that even Gandhi’s worst enemies would admit that he was an interesting and unusual man who enriched the world simply by being alive. † While admiring Gandhiji’s uncommon physical courage, his incorruptibility and political integrity, Orwell finds in the high moral values held scared by Gandhiji, especially in the doctrine of non-attachment, a vein of anti-humanism – a quality which made him more saintly than human. Orwell ends the essay by the remark, â€Å"†¦.. but regarded simply as a politician, and compared with the other leading political figures of our time, how clean a smell he has managed to leave behind. † Essay II. Shooting an Elephant : This essay enables us to get a glimpse of the author’s experiences in Burma where he was employed in the British Imperial Police (1922-1927). Orwell had already come to regard imperialism ‘as very largely a racket’. And he knew he was ill fitted for the role he was called upon to play. During this period of Imperial service a sense of guilt continually haunted him. While secretly he condemned imperialism as an evil, he was embittered by the anti-European sentiment among the natives who hated him as a representative of British Imperialism. The incident described here brought home to him the tyranny that imperialism imposes on the ruler as well as the ruled. It was as he marched at the head of an expectant crowd, rifle in hand, to shoot the mad elephant, that the irony of his own position struck him. He instinctively recoiled from the destructive act to which he had committed himself, but, should he fail to carry it out, he knew he would be ridiculed by the crowd that followed him. It was therefore imperative that he should impress them in order to be considered firm, fearless, imperturbable and capable of rising to the occasion in a crisis. Torn between the immediate need to play the ‘Sahib’ and his own ingrained aversion to the role thrust upon him, he set about the task of shooting the elephant, though it had never been his intention to kill the animal. Finding himself thus caught between two tyrannies – the tyranny of the ruler and the tyranny of the ruled that seemed to push him to and fro as if he were an absurd puppet – he realized the futility of Imperialism that deprives the tyrant himself of his free will. Essay III. You and the Atom Bomb : This essay was first published in the Tribune (19 October 1945). Here Orwell discusses the effect of the power that a sophisticated weapon is likely to bestow on the strong and affluent nations and the consequent threat to the freedom of the weaker ones. The more complex and expensive a weapon is, the more are the chances of its becoming the monopoly of the state and the more likely it is to keep its people under subjection. In the past, as the major weapons were accessible to the people, they could rise in revolt against despotic governments. But the atomic bomb, being expensive and difficult to manufacture, will ever remain a rare weapon under state control and any revolt of the exploited classes will be rendered more and more difficult in future. And if the number of states possessing the bomb increases, it is unlikely that they will use it against one another, but they will tend to be despotic within and aggressive without, and as a result the poorer nations which cannot afford to make it will always be in danger of losing their freedom. In these circumstances, a reimposition of slavery like that of ancient Rome and Greece is a possibility that cannot be wholly ruled out. Essay IV. How the Poor Die This is a chapter from the author’s days of penury and vagrancy in Paris. Here, Orwell tells us of his experience in a French hospital where he was treated for pneumonia in 1929. From his own bed in the dingy public ward of Hospital X in Paris, he could watch everything that went on around him with a gently critical eye. The poor died of disease and neglect, getting very little by way of real medical aid or human sympathy. The account we ger of the patients, doctors, nurses, and of the whole sordid atmosphere of the ward reads almost like the pages of a novel. The primitive conditions of the hospital – callous indifference of the doctors and nurses who regarded the patients as nothing more than ‘specimen’ – reminded him which used to be houses of torture rather than centres of healing. The entire picture is painted with a certain degree of detachment, devoid of any cynicism or sentimentality, but marked by a fine sense of humour. Essay V. New Words In this essay (1940), Orwell dwells on the need to coin new words to communicate certain feelings that are too subtle for expression. He feels that there is a considerable province of human experience that lies beyond the descriptive power of words, especially aesthetic and moral feeling, our likes and dislikes and all that concerns our inner life. Orwell here discusses the possibility of bridging these gaps in language by inventing new words. He refers to certain methods, by which words may be coined, the source of methods like analogy, onomatopoeia and slang. Orwell hopes that large numbers of people apply themselves to the task of inventing new words on the basis of common experience so that we world be able to overcome the verbal inadequacy and ‘give an objective existence’ to our thoughts. Essay VI. Propaganda and Demotic Speech : The paradox about modern propaganda is its unintelligibility and its consequent failure to impress the audience it is aimed at. According to Orwell, this is due to the fact that the language used for the purpose has nothing to do with thelanguage of the common man. There is, in every language, a lot of difference between its written and spoken forms, but in English this difference is so glaring that the bookish language of Government leaflets or party pamphlets very often fails to get across, and succeeds at best only in creating vague and sometimes, erroneous impressions on the ordinary man. Eminent writers like Harold Laski also are guilty of this sin. Orwell says that, in order to appeal to the ordinary man, neither high-sounding words nor ’the educated accent’ which is viewed suspiciously by the working classes as an upper-class affectation, will serve as a vehicle of communication. The language of propaganda, to be effective, must be brought closer to the language of the common man. A truly democratic government that needs to educate the public on matters of national interest will necessarily have to choose the right words and adopt the right tone – the vocabulary and tone of a genuinely demotic speech. Essay VII. The Writing of History : Orwell in his essay discusses the question of objectivity in the writing of history. It often happens that some of the facts of history get so mixed up with falsehood as to become indistinguishable from lies. Orwell cites certain verifiable facts of recent history which have, within a brief period of time, undergone such distortion. Truth, which is of paramount importance in the recording of events, seems to be at the mercy of ‘might’ and the modern tendency to tamper with truth is likely to make the task of the future historian complex as well as difficult. Essay VIII. Bookish Memories : After his return to England from Paris, before he could earn enough to live on his writings, in the early thirties, Orwell worked as a part-time assistant in a London bookshop, where he worked for about a year. Though it was drudgery for him, he had opportunities of observing customers of various kinds, including eccentrics, their habits and tastes. Here he records his impressions of such people with a half-humorous, half-indulgent attitude which, incidentally, enables us to get a glimpse into his own tastes and habits of reading. The essay reveals one curious face – that Orwell lost his love of books. The changing literary tastes of the reading public are also brought out. Essay IX. The English Character : In this essay Orwell perceptively analyzes the general characteristics of the English people with a remarkable degree of objectivity. The usual generalizations about the English character are vitiated by pre-conceived notions of the British aristocracy that is often drawn upon to typify the national image. Orwell draws our attention to the hitherto ignored majority – the English commoners – whose exclusion from the picture has so far tended to perpetuate misleading notions about the race as a whole. The racial characteristics described like artistic insensibility, xenophobia, snobbery and hypocrisy are common to the entire race. The picture that emerges is no idealized image but a true one, as sharp and well defined as the reflection in an undistorting mirror held up before English humanity as a whole, apt to jolt them out of their complacency rather than flatter their national pride. Essay X. The Moral Outlook of the English People : In this essay Orwell draws our attention to the moral sense of the English people. While the majority of the English people are indifferent to organized religion, some of the ethical aspects of Christianity do appeal to them still. In this age of power-politics, they cling to the belief that might is not right – a truly Christian principle, though it is not one among the Biblical doctrines. That England has always supported the cause of the weak against the strong even when it was disadvantageous to them shows that the English do not subscribe to the power cult. They are neither prudish nor lax about matters of sex, gambling and drinking. Violence of any sort is repellent to the English. They have an ingrained respect for the law and human liberty. The vaunted freedom of the press in England may largely be an illusion, but freedom of speech is a reality. The English people are never afraid to give expression to their opinions in public, but then they are never fanatic because they lack conviction, and being a phlegmatic race they are not easily roused to action. Essay XI. The English Class System : Class distinctions are a vestige of the past still clinging to English society. The aristocracy of the feudal age was replaced by the nobility of the later periods, and the titled class today commands a certain respect, probably because of its traditional integrity, though its importance has been steadily dwindling with the rise of the rich middle class. By adopting the habits and manners of the nobility, the rich middle class tends to become indistinguishable from the upper class. At the lower level, despite the antagonism in the political field, the working classes which are not entirely free from snobbishness try to imitate the middle class in speech, manners and dress. There is also a large section of classless people – the technically educated persons. Thus both at the top and the bottom, a sort of levelling process has been at work. On the whole, the general trend seems to be towards the blurring of class distinctions, though essentially English society remains what it used to be in the nineteenth century. Essay XII. Why I Write : In this essay originally written in 1946 for publication in the journal Gangrel, Orwell discusses the impulses that prompted him to take to creative writing as a profession. The motives that urged him to turn author are mainly those that urge every artist, namely, egoism and aesthetic pleasure. Like other writers, Orwell too had a passion for truth. What he calls the historical impulse is his concern for truth – the truth about things as they are. In Orwell’s case, it was chiefly a concern for finding the truth about political institutions and movements as he understood them. In fact, the political purpose was strong and it bestowed on his writings a certain verve without affecting his aesthetic and intellectual integrity. c) Presentation of Content : George Orwell in his essays has presented the issues that concerned him during the 1940s. In these essays we find considerations of the totalitarian impulse, the quality of modern intellectual life, the nature of modern art, nationalism, and the emergence of the new managerial society. All the essays are inter-connected as they are concerned with the real life and invites the readers to ponder upon certain subtle issues concerning the human life. They are all essays in thought and maintain a sequence of thought. Orwell has presented the content in his essays in the neutral style, good, limpid, contemporary, and it was always equal to its purposes. Within what seems a narrow range, he showed virtuosity in the different ‘timings’. He managed diligently the narrative, descriptive, critical, denunciatory and straight exposition from his life. Due to this he is also successful to reach to the target-groups from various cross-section of the society. d) Content Validity : The content of the essays of Orwell has direct validity to the aims of his purpose. The subject as well as the content has been aptly justified with the references and context to the situations. Orwell has presented his real life incidents with an aim to expose the hypocrisy of the powerful nations as well as the snobberies of the upper-class people. e) Language : Lucidity and clarity are the two main features of Orwell’s prose style. He disliked all vagueness and ambiguity in thought and is clear and straightforward in his thinking. Often he writes the slangy, colloquial English, mostly his prose is that of the journalist. Moreover, we also do not find unnecessary ornamentation and use of a figurative language, rather he has frequently made use of apt metaphors and images that enhances the beauty of his writing. John Atkins rightly observed, â€Å"Orwell’s campaign was therefore for a language that should be both pure and subtle, flexible and simple. † ) Justification of the Title of the Book : The title of the book ‘Essays of Orwell’ is apt and appropriate as it contains the selected essays written by George Orwell. g) Other features depending upon material selected : The book also consists of the short summary of each of the essays along with the glossary and the unfamiliar words at the end. Overall evaluat ion : In ‘Essays of Orwell’ we find a direct expression of Orwell’s ideas. Both quantitatively and qualitatively, his essays stand favourable comparision with the essays of the prominent essayists of modern times, like Gardiner, Chesterton, Stevenson, Huxley and others. The essay is the dominant literary form employed by Orwell throughout the later half of his writing career. As in his other works, so in his essays there is the frequent intrusion of the author and a direct expression of his ideas. According to B. T. Huxley, â€Å"The real backbone of his work is to be found in the essays – a form of writing mainly characterized by just such a personal intrusion on the part of the author. † Some of the best work of Orwell is to be found in his essays. They constitute a valuable comment on criticism of contemporary life. Though he was a professed socialist he did not accept a party line. He is quite sincere and honest about what he sys, and does not hesitate to criticize the terrors of fellow socialists and the short-comings of socialism. Orwell says, â€Å"To write in plain, vigorous language, one has to think fearlessly, and if one thinks fearlessly, one can not be politically orthodox. † John Atkins also says, â€Å"Orwell’s uniqueness lay in his having the mind of an intellectual and the feelings of a common man. † To conclude we can say that the book makes an interesting reading for all the people who think.

Cold War Essay

How was the Cold War fought? †¢ Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying documents in Part A. As you analyze the documents, take into account both the source of the document and the author’s point of view. Be sure to: 1. Carefully read the document-based question. Consider what you already know about this topic. How would you answer the question if you had no documents to examine? 2. Now, read each document carefully, underlining key phrases and words that address the document-based question. You may also wish to use the margin to make brief notes. Answer the questions which follow each document. 3. Based on your own knowledge and on the information found in the documents, formulate a thesis that directly answers the question. 4. Organize supportive and relevant information into a brief outline. 5. Write a well-organized essay proving your thesis. The essay should be logically presented and should include information both from the documents and from your own knowledge outside of the documents. Question: How did the Cold War begin and what â€Å"weapons† were used to fight this war? Part A:–The following documents provide information about the Cold War. The offensive missiles could destroy most cities in the Western Hemisphere. Consequently, he demanded that the Soviet Union remove these missiles from Cuba and â€Å"end this dangerous arms race. † Document 9 Premier Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles because he said they were only put there to defend and protect Cuba from an attack. Since the U. S. had promised that Cuba will not be attacked by any country in the Western Hemisphere, the missiles were no longer needed. The threat of nuclear was lifted and the world stepped back from the brink of war. 127 Additional Information Beyond the Documents

Research skills and techniques education essay

This study high spots and evaluates my personal, academic and professional contemplations throughout this class and applies the acquisition to consideration of my professional pattern and on-going hereafter development. It explores chances for calling waies within and outside of the prison service and how my scope of accomplishments can progress my aspirations every bit good as enhance the environment in which I work. To this terminal, I have critically evaluated my movable accomplishments and their development through this acquisition journey together with chances to heighten these farther. In looking to the hereafter, a revised Professional Development Plan ( PDP ) for ongoing hereafter development has been compiled and included in Appendix I. Many of the acquisition results have been already been covered in some deepness within my PPD5 assignment and I have sought to lucubrate on cardinal countries of these within this paper. Background When foremost offered the chance to set about farther instruction through a Foundation Degree, I was ab initio excited at the chance. However, this shortly gave manner to dismissive ideas of successful completion as unachievable and self uncertainty about my ability to prosecute such a venture which resulted in me non roll uping the application signifier. It was merely when a co-worker, who had done so but decided non to take this forward, passed it to me, that I took the dip. A batch of ego talk was required to see how valuable this chance was for me. I considered that several of my equals would hold similar experiences and feelings which would do a natural and powerful support web significance that I would non be larning in isolation. Later, I was able to reflect and gain that cunctation is a peculiar trait and form of behavior for me, deep rooted in negative scheme ( Beck 1967:233 ) which I have been able to reflect on and compose about at some length throughout my farther instruc tion. Even coming towards the terminal of the Honours Degree ( which I undertook with greater enthusiasm ) , it is still apparent and something to guard against. This has been peculiarly of import in sing what has held me back from prosecuting advanced calling development until late. Brooding Practice: Using a scope of brooding theoretical accounts throughout my farther instruction surveies, I now appreciate how analysis of my accomplishments can assist towards the end of professional promotion and, significantly that of occupation satisfaction. I apply Gibbs ‘ ( 1998 ) Brooding Cycle readily to countries of my personal and professional life developing accomplishments of rating and analysis, both of ego and state of affairss which has led to effectual job resolution and informed decisions as will be illustrated below. Making this efficaciously, I have found, can widen the range for a more in-depth and wider encompassing program for ongoing development which hitherto, has been slightly narrow in its position. In other words, from being resigned to believing â€Å" this is my batch, I ‘ll merely acquire on with it † , to an active desire to use new acquisition, seek more and go motivated for calling patterned advance. Straker ( 2008:172 ) whose work builds on the research of Gardner ( 1983 and 2006 ) summed up the importance of purposeful contemplation for me â€Å" Knowing yourself includes cognizing that there are parts of yourself that you do non cognize and being ready to listen and research these. It besides means sing what parts of yourself you should expose or conceal, based on how it will assist your intent instead than merely based on personal penchant † . The danger of contemplation is that, for a postponer such as myself, one can acquire stuck in ego analysis without making anything about it or utilize the consequences of one ‘s analysis to remain within a ‘comfort zone ‘ . Kolb ( 1984 ) helped to measure my experiences and trial hypotheses about myself, values and work moralss but it did non spur me on to action whereas Gibbs sets out the program for ongoing development which is important for me so as non to stay procrastinating. In PPD5, I considered how Moon ( 2004 ) has been a utile resource on brooding pattern, in peculiar reminding me that contemplation is of import but it must ever take to action and the devising of positive alterations. She stresses the importance of experiential larning which includes contemplation but qualifies this to integrate active acquisition, guaranting purpose to larn and mechanisms of feedback to guarantee the whole procedure is effectual and meaningful for development ( p.122 ) . SchA-n ( 1983 ) explains how, as one becomes more experient, it becomes progressively possible to reflect in action instead than merely after action. This is something I am going more complete at and is peculiarly apparent in critical inciden t state of affairss in my function as a surety negotiant where this has immediate and practical every bit good as personal value. Interestingly the Cycle of Change by Prochatska and Diclemente ( 1982 ) , illustrated in Appendix II, highlights the stages which I can place with through my acquisition, professional and personal journey. I can frequently stay in contemplation and demand to happen the drivers and incentives to avoid oversights but, I am encouraged that these now exist more in copiousness which are sourced from many countries and the Honours Degree has been one of these. I am aware that the classs and feedback I have received throughout my farther instruction have been of a systematically good criterion and this has served as a beginning of encouragement and measuring of advancement and accomplishment. I must keep measurings and ends for my hereafter development and there are agencies in topographic point such as the Staff Personal Development Record ( SPDR ) , in Appendix III and Professional Development Plan ( PDP ) which I can utilize as guideposts and yardsticks. It is of import that, as the current period of survey draws to an terminal, this motive to accomplish continues and I now feel best placed to guarantee this happens..As mentioned in my PPD5 essay, in the yesteryear I have questioned the determination devising procedures of direction though this is being reshaped into a desire to derive a holistic overview of the work environment. â€Å" Get the better ofing expostulations to understanding others, for fright that this might confute our a in theories about ourselves and the universe, are cardinal hurdlings for which I must continually be aware † . ( Elliott, 2011 ) This has besides enabled me to measure what I can offer to functions to heighten the constitution ‘s public presentation. In my first Brooding Essay from January 2007 ( Appendix IV ) I described schema theory and the work of Beck ( 1967 ) . From this I have developed an involvement, non merely in reading of state of affairss which influence our beliefs but, peculiarly, how to develop the stimulation and positive emotional and cognitive drivers for professional and personal wellbeing. In detecting what gets in the manner, instead than being stuck in analysis, to travel beyond and put ends for positive development has been indispensable acquisition for me and reading this first essay shows how far I have come. The focal point of this paper is skills rating but furthermore, the ‘action ‘ stage of my development, placing chances and the practical stairss required for ongoing development. Employability Skills and Development Needs A scope of ego analysis tools have proved helpful in determining and attesting personal accomplishments which pave the manner for ongoing professional satisfaction. This has involved being critical as to what is and may realistically be come-at-able every bit good as widening the range for a scope of calling promotion chances. Using a scope of ego analysis tools I have been able to measure my employability accomplishments and an illustration is in Appendix V. Examining these proved personally satisfying and formed the footing for an in-depth review in a personal SWOT analysis ( Appendix VI ) which I had merely of all time antecedently applied to concerns within the range of the Honours Degree. On completion of this, it seemed logical to me that the values which concerns ascribe to should happen their ‘roots ‘ in the forces employed by the administration as, ideally, they should incarnate the same corporate beliefs, moralss and work patterns. As I will foreground subsequently, this has brought me into struggle with my ain work constitution where, utilizing freshly honed accomplishments of assertiveness and corporate consciousness, I am more readily able to dispute what I may comprehend to be insecure patterns. This has been possible through equilibrating my possible â€Å" failing † of being mission-focussed and developing this alongside effectual and robust empathy towards direction determinations At the clip of composing my Performance and Development record for this twelvemonth has non been recorded but as my SPDR for last twelvemonth ( Appendix III ) illustrates, I can stay pleased that I continue to run into marks set and work collaboratively with others to guarantee that the benefits of development are felt personally and by the administration. I have expanded this farther with creative activity of a new Development Plan ( Appendix I ) in order to keep continuity and on-going development. In order to see the scope of accomplishments necessary to accomplish my ends and aspirations, I completed a Career Values Tool and the study can be found in Appendix VII. To assist with this I referred back to a Personality Type Questionnaire competed for the PPD5 assignment. This was an of import analysis as it accurately highlighted the possible callings which fitted my profile. The function of ‘Counsellor ‘ featured conspicuously which is something I have long been interested in ( by the way, Musician and Actor which are personal involvements and besides featured high in the analysis ) . My functions in piquing behaviour intervention over the old ages have been the beginning of huge personal satisfaction as they met the values and accomplishments which I have enjoyed developing the most. Using the Career Values Tool, I input ‘Counsellor ‘ as an alternate calling pick and it was interesting to observe how this featured against the profile which had me as bal anced between ‘intuitive ‘ and ‘logical ‘ in my attack to work. Featured extremely were communicating accomplishments and my ability to work aboard people and cognizing that my work benefits others. When seen alongside my ‘white knight ‘ mission scheme of desiring to assist others, which can potentially be unhelpful, the balance of taking a logical, measured attack to job resolution is something I now know I possess and is to be worked on continually. The development of analytical accomplishments in my contemplations and undertakings throughout this last twelvemonth have helped to right this balance whereas before, if I had taken the Career Values Tool, I might hold been much further along the ‘intuition ‘ side of the continuum which, is non healthy or helpful for one seeking to develop a managerial function. Equally good as reflective and survey accomplishments, it is of import to develop the practical accomplishments required for current and possible functions. At my SPDR reappraisal subsequently this month I can research the options for this with my line director. The demand to develop concern consciousness, in order to understand corporate scheme in the workplace and enable publicity chances, is ongoing and the last few months have proved to be a testing clip in that respect. This has mostly been due to holding to take a grudge process against the Programmes and Psychology direction for what I perceive to be prejudiced and unethical behavior against myself. Having weighed up the options over the last 12 months or so, this action was the lone possible class and has required a step of focal point, assertiveness and an analytical overview of the state of affairs to do this determination and take this forward. Without this, I would hold reverted back to how I was prior to set abouting farther instruction and left the state of affairs unresolved and dwell in unhelpful contemplation which would hold affected my work and good being. The grudge is continuing at the clip of composing this study and, whatever the result, I can be satisfied that I have taken appropriate stairss to guarantee best ethical pattern and good being for the work force and administration as a whole. This has non been without an emotional response ( admiting this is a strength identified in Gibbs Reflective Cycle, 1998 ) as I do n't wish struggle or ‘rocking the boat ‘ but so, appropriate degrees of self-asserting direction and effectual analysis are important direction accomplishments which I have developed over recent old ages and is ongoing. This is peculiarly of import as I consider options for my hereafter and it is satisfying that I can take the positive accomplishments development acquisition from even the most testing of fortunes. The best step of how appropriate one ‘s actions are in the workplace, I have found, is one ‘s ain values of decency, moralss and duty and, in the above state of affairs, to hold these confirmed and used as my ‘yardstick ‘ for determination devising and professional unity, has proved honoring and queerly ‘comforting ‘ . No 1 should of all time see themselves to be the finished article and being confident in prosecuting continued development is a positive trait. In my instance, this helps to get the better of the scheme driven low self-pride and has surely enhanced a more positive belief for the hereafter. Among the cardinal acquisition experiences for me, alongside the above, are a acknowledgment of the functions of others, networking and effectual communicating. My calling way has involved working closely with and taking an involvement in people, both clients and co-workers likewise. In Appendix X I have conducted my ain accomplishments self assessment which covers a scope of academic and professional countries. This was motivated by a definition of entrepreneurship by Rothstein and Burke ( 2010 ) as 1 who is â€Å" aˆÂ ¦skilled in acknowledging chances, working those chances and making value † ( p.217 ) . Whilst I will ne'er be an Alan Sugar or Duncan Bannatyne, I can be merely as entr epreneurial in my accomplishments base so as to add value to the administration. The fact that support was made available to let this period of survey serves as a reminder that, to some grade, this has already been recognised and how I choose to use this for common benefit is now being considered. Career Appraisal and Development During the Foundation Degree I was able to set about and go through the choice scrutiny for Senior Officer though I was unsuccessful in function drama appraisal. I was, nevertheless, able to take that experience and, instead than call on the carpet or castigate myself and brood in diffidence as I antecedently would hold, I have decided to take the measure of using for and set abouting the appraisal once more later this twelvemonth. For this, I will seek to utilize my Line Manager as wise man together with the preparation section as immediate point of mention and get down to research prison policy, security and direction accomplishments. I am now experiencing positive and motivated to win in this non merely from a practical, self-development position, but besides the pride and sense of accomplishment this will convey. Following the letdown of holding to step down from Sexual activity Offender Treatment work last twelvemonth, I have reappraised my personal development and, utilizing brooding accomplishments developed on the grade surveies, peculiarly Kolb ( 1984 ) to assist measure the experiences and Beck ( 1967 ) to understand how I was construing them. Having specialised in Drug wrongdoer rehabilitation for the last 12 months I can take the benefits of new acquisition and function experience frontward as I return to Sex Offender therapy later this twelvemonth. Pulling together the scope of experience and involvements I have enjoyed over consecutive old ages keeps me, foremost and first, actively engaged in working for and alongside others. This is encouraging and, in this period of alteration, I have come to gain the importance of occupation satisfaction as a cardinal incentive for me. Prosecuting a Counselling making would function as a way to an alternate calling should personal fortunes alteration for me in the hereafter. This could be due to cutbacks in the public sector or an establishment passage to the private sector. This could besides potentially be utilised in my current function should a guidance or mediation map become available which I can reason would value to the constitution. A important country of personal development has been in cardinal accomplishments of assertiveness and dialogue. These were identified early on in my brooding pattern as things I needed to work on. I was able to negociate a function within drugs support holding originally offered an office based appraisal place which I would hold found unfulfilling. Alongside this, within my current grudge process, I have assertively requested a clear professional development way from senior direction which besides ensures that all officer classs in the Programmes squad are offered the same which has, hitherto, been missing. Learning and Continuing Professional Development The Honours Degree has been vastly ambitious and honoring and, despite early frights, has worked in with my societal and work life and has encouraged me to ongoing acquisition and consideration of developing calling chances. There has been utile convergence of the assorted faculties of this class in which the acquisition and contemplations from each have been movable. An illustration is in analyzing ‘Effective Management Decisions ‘ has been of import for my thesis which evaluates Crew Resource Management. Learning to analyze the former, in an nonsubjective manner, has enabled a critical attack for the thesis guaranting the focal point remains on the advantages to concern public presentation and non merely to countries of forces safety which I might otherwise hold concentrated. It has been satisfying that I have been able to utilize the faculties of this class to look at countries which I find personally interesting and disputing which included planing undertakings to make best pattern in wrongdoer direction. Besides, I have long been interested in the commercial air power industry and to research competitory advantage of an air hose was good merriment, whilst besides honoring in the survey accomplishments that were required. Similarly, the thesis which looks at human factors in critical incidents originating from air power accidents takes that same personal involvement but analyses the larning points from that sector and explores what the prison service can profit from this within its ain operations. This seamless larning extends to the old Foundation Degree which I often refer to including the faculty on moralss, cultural consciousness and diverseness where the strong rules I ascribe and have documented, are continually evaluated and applied to my work pattern. It forms the footing of my ‘mission statement ‘ for development as recommended by Covey ( 2004 ) where concentrating who you want to be and what you want to make should be on the values you ascribe to each ( p.106 ) . I am presently researching options for Higher Education such as a Masters Degree every bit good as makings in reding. At this phase, I am diffident as to whether I should these at the earliest chance and go on the impulse of larning or have a twelvemonth interruption in order to pass clip concentrating on my personal life which does necessitate some attending. Whether I choose immediate and specific preparation at this clip or non, I can develop and heighten the accomplishments required for possible future functions in my current place using the preparation section, wise mans and line direction. All of these are portion of my on-going Professional Development Plan so I can keep the motive to maintain personal and professional aspirations at the head of my future work. I am now certain that my farther instruction will go on every bit will the deepness and comprehensiveness of my calling development. With the on-going function in Drugs Support, a move back to Sex Offender Treatment subsequently this twelvemonth, together with the Senior Officer appraisal in October and researching accelerated publicity chances in the prison service, I have much to maintain me motivated and stimulated. These are cardinal drivers for me as I have learnt in my four twelvemonth journey and I can now realistically see a managerial place and research such options. The Honours Degree is regarded as a valuable making both for its relevant content to the Criminal Justice System and Business and Management but besides symbolises the desire and committedness I have and have shown for continued ego development. For me, this highlights how seamless the passage has been through the acquisition journey and that it will go on to be so. This consciousness has made farther instruction and calling patterned advance options less of a mountain to mount but a soft way to enlightenment as some learned and revered adult male of religion likely one time said. A helpful resource has proved to be www.CIPD.co.uk which I have accessed throughout my surveies. This administration ‘s definition of acquisition is ‘a autonomous, work-based procedure taking to increased adaptative capacity ‘ . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/learning-talent-development-overview.aspx [ Accessed 18 February 2011 ] . This highlights the importance of personal duty in utilizing employer resources to develop an ever-widening range for calling development. Appendix VIII shows an infusion which proved helpful in critically measuring my development program and ensured it was appropriate to my demands and abilities every bit good as offering value to the workplace. Decision: I regard my new Curriculum Vitae ( Appendix IX ) as a valid working papers whereas I had considered my old one, prior to get downing Further Education, to be slightly antediluvian, irrelevant and out of day of the month. The nucleus accomplishments I have developed over the old ages and important accomplishments are included which serve as a reminder that, merely as I have now added the Honours Degree ( concluding consequence allowing ) , more is to come. As I look over it now, the passage and acquisition procedure which has brought me to this point in my life now is clearly apparent. I can see the journey of larning and experience I have been on and, with a renewed and positive position of myself and professional development potency, I will bask and use myself to the chances that lie in front. Appendixs: I. Personal and Professional Development Plan II. Cycle of Change ( Prochaska and Diclemente, 1982 ) III. Staff Performance and Development Record ( SPDR ) IV. Reflective Essay ( Jan 2007 ) V. Study Skills Self Assessment VI. SWOT Analysis VII. Career Values Tool VIII. Infusion from CIPD web site IX. Curriculum Vitae Ten. Research and Employability Skills Appendix I Personal and Professional Development Plan Appendix II Cycle of Change ( Prochaska and Diclemente, 1982 ) Appendix II The Cycle of Change: Prochatska and Diclamente ( 1982 ) This illustration is taken from the cyberspace and the beginning is in the bibliography. The rhythm of alteration has 6 stages and, for me, this diagram high spots good the countries at which I can sink, peculiarly contemplation and, hence am encouraged to keep motive. In ‘pre-contemplation ‘ , the individual does non see any job in their current behavior and has non considered there might be some better options. In ‘contemplation ‘ the individual is ambivalent – they are in two heads about what they want to make – should they remain with their existing behaviors and attitudes or should they seek altering to something new? It is this country which I need to be peculiarly on my guard to as non to sink. In ‘preparation ‘ , the individual is taking stairss to alter normally in the following month or so. In ‘action ‘ , they have made the alteration and populating the new set of behavior is an all-consuming activity. In ‘maintenance ‘ , the alteration has been integrated into the individual ‘s life – they are now more ‘enterprising ‘ . Relapse is a full return to the old behavior. This is non inevitable – but is likely – and should non be seen as failure. Often people will Get worse several times before they eventually win in doing a ( more or less ) permanent to a new set of behaviors. Appendix III. Staff Performance and Development Record ( SPDR ) Appendix IV. Infusion From My First Reflective Essay ( Jan 2007 ) Infusion From My First Reflective Essay ( Jan 2007 ) My earliest employment from go forthing school was within the travel industry. From the beginning, I sought to better my practical accomplishments base and enjoyed the challenge of run intoing the demands of clients, budgetary marks, preparation of staff, job resolution, through to the gap and direction of a travel bureau branch several old ages subsequently. Apart from the GCSE makings gained at school, any farther academic or professional acquisition has been gained whilst in employment. Transcripts of certifications attained, both school and work based can be found in the appendix. The accomplishments and accomplishments I have attained in my personal life are every bit movable to my work life. For illustration, as Chairman of a genealogical society for several old ages and public speech production battles both serve as reminders that I have organizational, research and presentation abilities which I can and should be using and developing along my calling way. I have had no formal direction preparation, yet gained important supervisory experience through demoing aptitude and dedication to undertaking, client base and forces. It is of import for me to show, through the Foundation Degree and subsequent preparation that I can larn direction and personal development accomplishments, but besides show I am able to use this acquisition in my work and personal life. At the same clip, I need to concentrate on a specific calling way which includes, in the first case, publicity to Senior Officer. The following logical patterned advance will, hence, be to use for and set about the senior Promotion Examination subsequently this twelvemonth. For this, I need to obtain inside informations of the chief occupation demands for this function and, utilizing my Line Manager as wise man and the preparation section as immediate point of mention, get down to research prison policy, security, direction accomplishments and preparation chances. Whilst I have considered project this before, I am now experiencing positive and motivated to win in this non merely from a practical, self-development position but besides the pride and sense of accomplishment this will convey. On successful completion of this scrutiny, I can seek to specialize in either wrongdoer rehabilitation or staff preparation which I would enjoy. This draws together the scope of experience and involvements I have enjoyed over consecutive old ages and maintain me, foremost and first, actively engaged in working for and alongside others. It is of import for me to develop assertiveness accomplishments and, whilst these have been improved upon over recent old ages, I am cognizant there is a continued demand for development in this country. I need to be pro-active in my ain acquisition, seeking chances and non over-relying on others to merely recognize my demands or chances and do recommendations. Part of this includes my demand to develop and seek out direction preparation and practice/demonstrate the accomplishments I have. It is every bit of import for me to enlist the aid of others in my development. My personal statement highlights how I can go excessively autonomous when I perceive no 1 understands my demands or are truly interested in my development. Seeking a more collaborative attack to my acquisition will non merely breed positive belief in myself and others, it will do the following phase of my calling more rewarding, satisfying, originative and productive every bit good as opening up a wider scope of chances in all countries of my life. The Study Skills Self-Assessment which I completed on 23 October 2007 ( Appendix ) highlighted three chief employability accomplishments I need to develop as: Bettering ain acquisition and public presentation Application of figure ( data aggregation and reading ) Information and engineering proficiency Alongside these, to develop, are my personal properties of Self assurance Flexibility and adaptability Opinion In this self appraisal I besides reflected on my ain specific failings which include being excessively self-critical and non praising my ain accomplishments enough which can impact my ability to be nonsubjective about my public presentation. I have a strong underpinning demand to support others and jump to their deliverance which I have come to see as a hinderance to my ain development and of those I seek to assist. This is a peculiarly of import country for me to turn to as future direction functions will necessitate me to let others to take their ain personal duty and merely offer counsel as appropriate. This ‘rescuer ‘ manner I have is schema-related and I will compose a piece for my portfolio on scheme theory and how this applies to me. Beck, 1967 described a scheme as â€Å" ..a cognitive construction for showing, cryptography, and measuring the stimulation that impingeA on the being † . In short, schemas are the filters or nucleus beliefs we have about oursel ves or the universe around us and, thereby, how we interpret different state of affairss in our lives. The nature of the work I do in wrongdoer rehabilitation requires me to set about regular de-briefing, supervising, annually wellness reappraisals and bi-monthly guidance. This, together with scheme theory and other therapy theoretical accounts I use with captives, which I have besides applied to myself, means I spend a batch of clip being introverted and sharing this with co-workers. Add to this, the personal development elements of the Foundation Degree, means I need to be aware of equilibrating this wealth of self-contemplation with practical stairss for a successful hereafter. One of the press releases for self-appraisal from this class has helped me see what can acquire in the manner of things I want to make. These include hapless clip direction and a deficiency of construction and balance in and between my work, survey and private life. This is of import as I can go frustrated by unneeded last minute efforts to run into deadlines. By holding a clear coherent program I can be after my work and life more efficaciously and, this alone gives me a sense of exhilaration and motive. Appendix V. Study Skills Self Assessment Dowson, Paul. , ( 2004 ) Study Skills Self Assessment, Leeds Metropolitan University Appendix VI. SWOT Analysis Appendix VII Career Values Tool Report Appendix VIII. Infusion from www.CIPD.co.uk { Accessed 18 February 2011 )Possible benefits of development planningRelevant acquisition and development is more likely to go on in pattern when you are end directed. Learning that is planned is more efficient. Unanticipated acquisition chances are more likely to come to your attending when you are prepared for them. The picks of larning methods are more likely to be appropriate following completion of a development program and their usage can be designed and managed to supply a trim tantrum with your demands and involvements. Motivation and assurance in taking duty for one ‘s ain acquisition can be enhanced.Possible restrictions of development planningThe quality of a completed development program can endure without seasonably and relevant diagnostic information from others. The creative activity of a valid and functional program is peculiarly hard to accomplish without the active support and understanding of others who are relevant to you in your current function. The successful execution of even a well-crafted program is non guaranteed without go oning support and challenge from others.Operating intimationsEnsure that there is ready entree to relevant and valid diagnostic informations in the designation of larning demands. Ensure that there are chances for, potentially, several loops of the program in draft signifier to which relevant others in the administration have the chance to lend by manner of thoughts and information. In taking larning methods, explore and clear up these exhaustively anterior to doing determinations about which to utilize. This may affect treatment and understanding with others who will necessitate to supply clip or other aid. Ensure understanding is reached about larning ends and methods between, for illustration, you and your director. Ensure that clear marks and other ‘mileposts ‘ associated with learning ends are agreed between yourself and other interested parties. Arrange for training or mentoring aid where appropriate to cover both the creative activity and execution of the development program. Appendix IX. Curriculum Vitae Appendix X Research and Employability SkillsResearch accomplishments and techniquesEffective job work outing Independent, critical thought, while analyzing and developing established theory and research Underpining cognition of my work environment Research accomplishments and utilizing these to critically measure my findings and those of others Personal and professional contemplation, concise study composingResearch environmentAwareness of the deepness and comprehensiveness of research and able to contract down the field to guarantee clear focal point of subject. In my functions in programmes I have a good unpinning cognition of ethical pattern and adhere to the Prison Service and British Psychological Society rules of best ethical pattern. Ability to utilize a assortment of agencies to collate informations for concluding analysisResearch directionSet undertaking ends and work towards effectual timescales and work precedences Able to place and entree appropriate bibliographical resources, archives, internet resources and other beginnings of relevant information Information engineering accomplishments to make databases, study authorship, exemplifying and presenting of findings and informations. Illustrated through farther instruction surveies and puting up research undertakings undertaken within work function ( for illustration, establishment a needs analysis for a proposal to make a curative wing at HMP Full Sutton )Personal effectivityA deep desire and ability to larn and get cognition Creative, advanced and original in my attack to research Flexible, non-judgemental and open-minded Strong self-awareness and able to place my ain preparation demands Self-disciplined, motivated, and thorough in set uping and accomplishing best pattern in professional life. Brooding ability to set up my ain boundaries and use all beginnings of support as appropriate Ability to demo inaugural, work independently and am autonomous whilst keeping strong squad values particularly in a leading function. Puting up new processs and protocols. ( For illustration, puting up the Penile Plethysmograph Suite which became a Centre of best pattern and my advice sought at other constitutions. Was cited in the national preparation manuals for processs I created which have been adopted nationally.Communication accomplishmentsA clear and appropriate manner dependent upon intent, e.g. advancement studies, published paperss, undertakings, grudge processs. Articulate in presenting stuffs clearly to a scope of audiences, officially and informally through a assortment of techniques including the usage of Powerpoint. Ability to negociate results whilst assertively defendable of robust personal and professional ethical issues. Strong involvement in developing the acquisition of others through mentoring and supervising.Networking and teamworkAs evidenced throughout my farther instruction surveies, I develop co-operative webs and working relationships with supervisors, co-workers and equals, within my establishment and the wider research community. An apprehension of the behavior of ego and others to enable effectual squad coherence Developed a scope of perceptive feedback accomplishments particularly constructive.Career directionA demonstrated committedness to continued professional development as demonstrated through Foundation Degree and BA ( Hons ) surveies. Ownership of ain calling patterned advance with realistic and accomplishable calling ends which are identified in such as manner as to develop and better employability Movable research accomplishments from farther instruction which can be used within the work environment and other calling chances such as Counselling. Ability to show my accomplishments, personal properties and experiences through effectual CVs, applications and interviews

Ethnomusicology - Soviet Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnomusicology - Soviet Music - Essay Example During the recent war Soviet music took on a special and dramatic significance for us and we were all stirred by certain works especially the songs of the Red Army, and Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony, written during the siege of Leningrad which revealed how closely Soviet musicians were bound up with the life and struggles of their people. When the war broke out, composers, instrumentalists and performers of all kinds immediately took to making music for the war. And the Soviet government, realizing how powerful voice music was in rallying the people, never forgot even in the darkest hours to protect its musicians, and enable them to continue their work. All through the war, although half the nation was devastated, millions homeless and starving and the national finances sorely strained, the government continued to appropriate large sums every year to commission the writing of new symphonies, operas and concertos, and to ensure the performance of classic and modern music even though the orchestras and opera companies had to go to Central Asia to do it. 1 There is something awe-inspiring about a nation whose people are suffering untold misery and destruction, that yet continues to give badly needed funds so that artists may be protected and continue their work. And incidentally, the government refused to permit any composers to enter the armed forces feeling they were too precious to be exposed to danger although many volunteered for the Red Army. During the war we began to learn a little of how the Soviet composer lives and works. Life magazine carried pictures of Shostakovich, Gliere, Khatchaturian and other composers on the Composers Farm where they go each summer to raise pigs and write symphonies. We heard that Soviet composers live in a specially constructed house in Moscow, that they have written tremendous amounts of music for the war and other things. 2 Soviet music is organized under a sub-section of the All-Union Committee of Art, which is almost like a department of the government in our country. Each year the Music Section of this Committee of Art receives a certain sum of money from the national Treasury, which it allots among its various departments: orchestras, opera houses, music publication, composers, and so forth. The composers work through what they call the Union of Soviet Composers which is not a trade union in our sense, but a sort of combination of professional guild, commissioning body, an agency to secure performances and publications, a copying bureau, and a fraternal mutual aid society, all rolled into one. The Union consists of some 900 professional composers, both serious and popular composers. To become a member, you write a letter to Gliere, who is president of the Union, stating your qualifications and enclosing a few sample scores. If there is any doubt as to a young musician's eligibility, he is invited to appear in person before a committee on admissions and perform his own works. The Committee then decides; and if you don't get in one time, you can always apply again. The Union is not without standards, and the mere fact that your work is popular and widely performed does not automatically qualify you for admission. Peter Zburski wrote a song which became a tremendous hit during the war, called "The Blue Handkerchief." It was sung from one end of the country to the other. But he was not admitted to the Union of Composers. When a recognized composer wishes to write a work, he submits a project to the Union committee in charge of such things, with an estimate of the length of time it will take. Usually the plan is accepted without much discussion and the composer goes ahead to write his work. Sometimes, however, a composer gets too one-sided for a time, and then the Union committee will suggest that he develop another side of his talent for a time. If a man has been writing too many chamber or theatrical works, they may suggest that he write a symphony.

Technological Developments For The Field Of Art And Design Case Study

Technological Developments For The Field Of Art And Design - Case Study Example The different developments in the field of art and design have enhanced the level of designs developed and created more complicated designs that were originally not possible. Considering the different efforts and thoughts that are invested in designing, the complexity of the subject makes it mandatory and challenging for the designers to satisfactorily develop designs that they desire. The development of these designs in a manual manner creates difficulties and errors that may result in poor works and poor designs. It is therefore of vital essence to have technology applied in the field of art and design to create better designs that can have sophisticated compositions that can create a good product that matches the needs of the current technological world. The area of art has for years since its earlier developments relied heavily on bare talent that may not sustain the ideas of the developer for long. The consideration of technology into the field creates an avenue for the designers to feature more in the field and continuously produce products for a longer period without failures. The content of this paper discusses the different approaches that technology has enhanced in the field. Among the many aspects, that the world has had to do away with to pave way for technology is the association of life aspects to culture. Many of the developments and resistance that technology faced during the years was related to cultural associations that originally centered in all aspects from the way we perceive art and the different designs. Embracing culture in all these aspects makes it difficult for technology to develop better results, make the field of art, and design more successful. The resourcefulness of the field has also slowly has transformed the field with other changes that have seen to the development of better designs and more enhanced.

Delegating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Delegating - Essay Example Delegating is a critical skill for supervisors. Ultimately, the supervisor retains responsibility for the attainment of the goals, but chooses to achieve the goals by delegating to someone else. In the Adult Training and Employment Services (ATES) at The Center Serving Persons with Mental Retardation there are several Managers who delegate to their employees. In supported employment the supervisor delegates to three employment specialist. The supervisor assists in developing employees in order to strengthen the organization. Although the employment specialist job role is an emerging profession, few managers can refute the importance of these direct service staff to the overall performance of their supported employment programs. The supervisor in supported employment uses the three R's: risk, responsibility, and rewards in delegating staff. The three R's contribute to staff job challenges by setting in motion a supervisory style which encourages and rewards staff creativity, innovation, and governorship of their work. A risk adds an element of excitement to a job and encourages staff curiosity and learning. Supervisors can encourage their employees to take responsibility for their jobs by establishing measurable performance goals and operating guidelines. The supervisor takes every opportunity to promote the good works of the staff and assure they receive proper recognition for a job well done. The supervisor assists in developing employees in order to strengthen the organization. He or she gives up the authority to make decisions that are best made by subordinates. This means that the supervisor allows subordinates the freedom to make mistakes and learn from them. He or she does not supervise subordinates' decision-making, but allows them the opportunity to develop their own skills. The supervisor lets subordinates know that he or she is willing to help, but not willing to do their jobs for them. The supervisor is not convinced that the best way for employees to learn is by telling them how to solve a problem. This results in those subordinates becoming dependent on the supervisor. The supervisor allows employees the opportunity to achieve and be credited for it. Equally important to delegate is the idea that when a subordinate is given responsibility for a job, they must also be given the degree of how to perform the job and how to carry it out. For effective delegating the authority granted given to an employee must equal the assigned task. The key to delegating is to delegate gradually. When it comes to delegation, the manager can not delegate their duties to everyone they work with. They delegate their duties to responsible employees within the organization whom they can depend up that those duties will be attended to with a lot of professionalism. When one is delegated a certain task, he take full responsibility of performing it with diligence and ensures that they work hand in hand with other employees within the organization to ensure that organizational goals and objectives are achieved. Delegation is a term that was used even in the ancient days where someone was given full responsibility of certain activities or to run a certain activities on behalf the owner and in turn report to him, about all the activities that took place while he was away. For this case, when one delegates

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Research - Essay Example Conservation is mostly defined as preserving resources, that is; utilizing in away that avoid wastage of materials and environmental degradation. In this case, conservation involves natural resource conservation. Here, non renewable resources have to be conserved since they cannot be renewed (Edwards, 2005). Therefore, conservation of the environment is considered as the conservation of all the natural resources. Governments of different countries must contribute by laying down strict legislations to counter the activities that are not environment friendly, and lead to unsustainable development. Sustainability has its basis on a simple principle, which is all things that we require for our survival and well-being depend, either directly or indirectly, on our natural environment. Therefore, sustainability creates and maintains the terms under which humans and nature can live in productive harmony that allows for the fulfillment of the economic social and other requirements of present and future generations. Further, sustainability may also be defined as a set of values (Chapin et al, 2010.). For instance, Edwards (2005) studied sustainability statements from almost forty different organizations concerned with sustainability issues and developed a list of seven common themes ;stewardship, respect for limits, interdependence, economic restructuring ,fair distribution ,intergenerational perspective and nature as a model and teacher. It is clearly seen that stewardship, conservation n sustainability protect the same natural resources however, they differ in the approaches and strategies. While conservation concentrates in avoiding wastage, stewardship concentrate on management and planning of this natural resources and sustainability puts weight on principles and set values on existing in a way that will not compromise the future generations. Ecological and

Make up a title Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Make up a title - Essay Example By the wars end, Mexico lost almost half of its territory, the current American Southwest from Texas to California, and the United States emerged as a continental power. Austin was anxious to justify the contract, and bring a good number of families. As many unmarried persons, as well as young men, came to the colony. Austin also suggested the primary concern of them being in pairs, making an individual the head of a particular family.Thus, the two would obtain a family head right, and the family members will increase. The arrangement leads a fortunate result to all concerned. Early 1823, Austin returned to his colony. Then Austin stopped to ascertain the powers held by general captain of the northeastern internal provinces. In addition, to have it defined and structured in the form of Spanish, and Austin was declared to have full administrative powers to administer justice in the colony. Austin made defensive war against the Indians and commanded the militia with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Moreover, Austin was clothed with executive, legislative and judicial powers. In addition, Austin was required to give a report to the states governor, and responsible to the captain-general of the

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Reflection paper - Essay Example The reason as to why I have gender stereotyping is because we are taught, and many of us have been grown up firmly knowing that men and women play different roles in the society. For example, I have always had this feeling that women would more inclined to jobs relating to household such as cooking, child rearing and washing the ditches and the man, on the other side involved in making money (Strawson, pp 4). Besides, there are certain jobs that have always looked suitable for women such as a job in the social care and nurses. Similarly, the male cohort would fit well in managerial roles. I realized the issue of having gender stereotyping from the ongoing campaign to empower women. They have for long been perceived unable to do successfully the ‘men jobs’, but they have proved many wrong with some even rising to the highest job in states such as President and Deputy President. From the time I started becoming conscious of gender stereotyping, I have made a practice of not judging a person based on the gender as they have potential beyond their gender orientation. Rabbitt, Patrick, and Subhash Vyas. "Processing a display even after you make a response to it. How perceptual errors can be corrected." The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33.3 (2001):

Berry Aneurysms Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Berry Aneurysms - Case Study Example An aneurysm usually balloons and may rupture as the forces increase, which would lead to rupturing of the arterial wall and interior bleeding, a situation that is usually fatal and leads to death. Consequently, berry aneurysms results from rupture of arterial walls in the brain with fatal consequences that may cause brain death. The condition is usually caused by defects in the tunica media muscles and lack of enough support from the brain parenchyma, which creates unprecedented stress to the arterial walls causing rupture (Liebeskind, 2013). Therefore, cerebral aneurysm occur incases were the strength of the internal elastic membrane of the adventitia and the tunica media are compromised mainly resulting from abnormal arterial structure at arterial bifurcations, which results in rupture of the vessels at these sections due to blood pressure (Liebeskind, 2013). Causes of Berry Aneurysms Various conditions may lead to berry aneurysms, which include the following: Arterial malformations, aorta coarctation, inherited polycystic kidney diseases and other vascular problems. Others include sickle cell anemia, fungal infections, Marfan syndrome, hypertension among others (Liebeskind, 2013). However, not much is known about the actual causes of the aneurysms and the formation processes leading to ballooning and rupture, but smoking that leads to vascular changes and hypertension are major some of the major predisposing factors (Jonathan et al., 2006). The main characteristic of aneurysms is reduction in the tunica media leading to arterial structural defects.... the reduced membranes causes formation of balloon like structures at the branching parts of the arteries mainly at the lower part of the brain (Jonathan et al., 2006). Epidemiology Most berry aneurysms are small in that 60% to 80% of all cases may not rupture, meaning they pose much less danger to the patient (Connolly & Solomon, 2004). It is estimated that between 10 and 12 million adults in America have intracranial aneurysms, with berry aneurysms accounting for about 90% of all these cases (Liebeskind, 2013). Those over fifty years of age, females and cigarettes smokers are at a higher risk of the aneurysms (Vega et al., 2002). Consequently, as Vega et al noted, berry aneurysm are responsible for the highest cases of mortality and morbidity affecting about 90% of all intracranial aneurysms. However, more cases are being reported in younger patients and especially in cocaine, users or those with smaller arterial diameters (Nanda et al, 2000) Presentation Most aneurysms do not have any symptoms and they may not be reported until they rupture; hemorrhage through a fatal medical emergency remains the single most prevalent clinical presentation in most cases, accounting for about 58% of patients (Yamaura, Onno & Hirai, 2000). However, patients report acute headaches at the onset, which in some cases may also be associated with brief sessions of unconsciousness, vomiting, meningismus and nausea. These hemorrhages are also misdiagnosed as most patients have milder symptoms that indicate a warning leak before the aneurysm ruptures (Vega et al., 2002). Studies have reported rupture rates of between 1.4 to 1.9 %, though the rates are higher in aneurysms of more than 10mmm diameter. However, rupture has also been reported in cases where the aneurysms are less than 5 mm in

Designers and performers Essay Example for Free

Designers and performers Essay After deciding that we was going to focus on the musical genre in the 1920s America period, we wrote down a list of films, musicals and music that could linked to our oncoming performance. For example, Chicago, Bugsy Malone and Christina Aguileras new album. We chose the films/musicals Chicago and Bugsy Malone because they were set at the same time period as our performance and we chose Christina Aguileras new album as she has sung all her songs in the style of the 1920-30s jazz era and thought it easily fitted into the style we were trying to create. I have seen the musical Chicago on stage and on film, and even though they are both based on the same storyline, contain the same characters, music etc, they are both different with the fact one is performed on stage and the other was filmed on a set. They have both influenced us, especially the stage version where limited space is used compared to the film as they use different locations, whereas a stage is very limited where the same space has to be used to create different locations. This helped us how to use the space effectively and use to our full advantage and still make the performance effective. The music within the musical Chicago gave us ideas of what sort of music and themes to focus on and research, as we didnt want to use the exact same music as Chicago because the music is fairly popular and we didnt want the audience to compare our performance to Chicago, which is why we included a major twist within our story, so people wouldnt compare both performances. We decided to use Chicago as a source to gather information within that time period, which meant costumes, characters, setting, lighting, colours for setting and lighting and music used within the performance. Even though we werent going to use their music we needed to get an idea of what style of music to look for and include. We were able to watch what the time period back in the 1920s was really like, rather than researching on the internet and reading about it in books, even though we did get help from these sources we found by watching the film more reliable and enjoyable. We could actually see what colours were popular for costumes and lighting used. For costumes we used a lot of bright colours, a part from the male characters who just wore a black and white suit, as this went with the time period. For the woman, black and red costumes were worn as this is worn a lot in Chicago and it looked and worked with the lighting colours we wanted to include as well. We found that black and red was really popular so we decided to use this for our lighting, as well as blackouts, spot light effects and using red lighting to show what scenes are serious or for the performance scene which is quite flirtatious. These colours worked well within our performance and worked well with every scene that we included this in. We took these ideas from Chicago and linked them into our own performance. The film Bugsy Malone also gave us ideas towards our performance. The character of Bugsy helped me develop my character as Jack Murray in our performance. Bugsy Malone is set in the same time period we were setting our piece and when thinking about how to play and portray my character as Jack Murray I automatically thought of Bugsy. He influenced me by the way he acted as the character of Bugsy seemed to always be up to something behind your back and you never quite knew if he was coming or going type of character. He influenced my character in that way as Jack Murray was up to something but the audience didnt quite know what. The character of Busy also seemed to be a bit of the jack the lad sort of person and I feel that this defiantly influenced me for my character and is shown well when playing Jack Murray. The characters of Bessie Smith and Ma Rainey were influenced by the two real lives of Bessie Smith and Ma Rainey. We researched information about them both and found out that Ma Rainey use to be violent and bossy towards Bessie Smith and we created the characters from there. We found Christina Aguileras new album very relevant for our performance. Her music was inspired by the 1920-1930s style of music. We felt by using some of her music for our performance we are still including music relevant to the time period and at the same time people will recognise her music and still making our performance relevant to today. Instead of only focusing the music within our performance on Christinas music we also researched actual artists from the 1920s. We found music from famous artists such as Billy Holiday, Bessie Smith and Louis Armstrong and we actually included one of his songs for one of our performance pieces but actually sung by one of the actors instead of it being a voice over like we had done so far for our singing performances. We thought this looked better in our piece as only one verse was being sung without any music, compared to the previous performance scene where most of the song we performed we thought it looked better if the two actors didnt actually sing the song. Music can influence a scene massively and an example of this is the detective scene. As the detective is trying to find out who really murdered Bessie Smith, we included flash backs about who could of murdered her. For the first flash back we decided to include Charleston themed music as people are really familiar with this tune and by using this music it became quite comical and thought this was brilliant as the next flash back would be the complete opposite. We found it very different difficult to find music for the next flash back because even though this didnt actually happen, at this point during the story the audience are meant to think Starlet did murder Ma Rainey and the music heavily influences that. When listening to music from Chicago we found the beginning of one song that fitted into the mood we was trying to create. We only wanted to use the beginning so we repeated this tune over and over again for this certain flash back and it gave the impression that Starlet really did murder Ma Rainey because compared to the previous flash back this one was much more serious and this is what we wanted to create. A lot of multi-rolling was used in our performance and we was influenced by John Godbers work. I was influenced by his playwrights, Teechers, Bouncers and Shakers where multi-rolling is used throughout these pieces. They was so effective and cleverly done and performed, for the use of multi-rolling within our play we looked at these plays and looked at how he made it look effective. Costume is one of the main concerns when multi-rolling, if you didnt change your costume the audience would think you were still playing the character you were playing when they last saw you on stage. We made sure an obvious change was made when changing characters, if it was as simple as a coat, walking stick or a wig. An obvious change had to be done and made noticeable to the audience. Godber also made sure there was a change in voice as this would also help show the audience that the actor is now playing a different character. Multi-rolling is shown effectively throughout our piece as we used this through most of our play. Example, when I change into my character as Jack Murray I deepen my voice slightly to show I am playing a man, and the read all about it scene where everybody is involved, we change into different characters buying a newspaper in a busy street, we put on a simple piece of costume each such as a hat, coat, scarf as well as changing our voices to show we are playing different characters. All the films/ musicians/ singers/ practitioners influenced our piece in many ways that I have already discussed. The musicians and singers helped us decide what style of music to include that would make our piece a success and would link in well with our story. The films influenced the development of some of our characters such as Jack Murray, and they also influenced our costumes, in what styles to go for and colours as well. The practitioner, John Godber helped us make multi-rolling really work within our performance by reading and looking at his other work and how to make multi-rolling a success within your performance, which I think made our piece really successful. We tried to make our performance very different to ones people would had seen before so we tried not to get too heavily influenced by other playwrights, directors, films and musicals. Especially with the storyline as this is what seemed too happened at first when deciding on a storyline. Instead we were only really looking for ideas to help us on the design side of the performance, and when researching characters and music for our performance.

College Pressure Essay Example for Free

College Pressure Essay William Zinsser’s in his essay â€Å"College Pressure† published 1979, describes the pressures Yale students have economic, parental, and peer/self- induced. He says that these pressures make students afraid to take a risk and to try to take different paths. He wants them to believe in themselves and to try to enjoy their time in college. I have been a student at Reedley Community College for two years and the pressure I experience as a student and a mother are different from that the Yale student experienced. The first pressure that Yale students and I experience is economic pressure. Zinsser explains that in the 1970’s â€Å"tuition, room, and board at most private colleges comes at least $7000† (par.12).He also explains how much pressure Yale students are under, that â€Å"even if the [student] works part time during school and full time during the summer†, but accrue $5000 in loans after four years, loans that the [student] must start to repay within one year after graduation† (par.13). Then, Zinsser goes on to say that no matter how hard the student works he or she will be under pressure to pay back all the money he used. I relate to this pressure, but in a very different way. Although the cost of school for me is relatively low, I have four kids that are away at college. Having four children needing help with tuition and books puts a lot of financial pressure on me as a parent. Also, having six kids in general, three of which are girls, is expensive regardless. The country’s economic disparity has left personal finances tight and puts me under a lot of pressure to make sure my kids have everything that they need and that all bills are paid. Another pressure William Zinsser’s mentions is parental pressure which Yale students and I feel but slightly different .It refers to the amount of pressure students get from their parents. The students are being torn between pleasing their parents and pleasing themselves. Zinsser’s mentions that â€Å"often times students are walking to labs as though they are walking to the dentist.(par.15) Students are taking on majors in a course of study that they do not necessarily like, however, in order to keep their parents happy they take them on. They are under pressure because they want to please their parents but they’re unhappy they want to do. Because they aren’t doing what. Because I am an adult this pressure does not really apply to me. However, I do feel the pressure from my children. My children expect me to get good grades, as well as maintain everything in the house. When dinner is not made on time because of my homework, my children get upset. They also complain about laundry not being done quickly enough. Although they support me, their expectations of me put me under a lot of pressure. The final pressure that Zinsser mentions is Peer/ self-induced pressure which are a pressure that Yale students and I apply on us. Students apply unnecessary pressure on them by comparing themselves to their peers. Zinsser mentions that a student he calls Linda â€Å"who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbra was much brighter and studied all the time.† This student is a perfect example of making an unnecessary comparison which stresses her out. This pressure leads to students over work them-selves. â€Å"A professor will assign five-page papers†. â€Å"Several students will start writing ten-page papers to impress him.†(par.27). Instead of just following the guidelines of an assignment they are trying to shoot above and beyond the requirements. I can really relate to this pressure because I do add a lot of stress on myself. I immediately assume everyone is doing better than me which makes me work harder, but at the same time it causes me to over work myself. I have to make sure all my kids need are done, and then I stay up late to make sure all my school work is done. This pressure affects me negatively because I add a lot of stress on myself that does not need to be added. Instead of focusing on my growth academically. I am always worried about who is doing better than me in class. A couple of ways I am trying to manage my stress is by making daily and weekly to-do lists and putting the most important at the top and working my way down. It’s a great way to manage my time as well. Being that I am a mother of six, my stress level seems like it’s multiplied by seven and I need to be able to put some of that stress aside and finally focus on my schooling since my oldest is twenty-two and my youngest is thirteen. Another great way I make stresses more manageable is by keeping procrastination to a huge minimum. If work that is assigned gets gradually done before the due date, it won’t all pile up the night before causing you to panic. Stress always piles up and it occurs more than any of us would like, but it shouldn’t be a reason to fail. By overcoming these pressures, we become stronger at the end.

The evolution of Guerilla marketing

The evolution of Guerilla marketing The aim of this research proposal is to critically evaluate how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. This proposal will analyse the effects that the recession has had on Guerrilla Marketing and its applications within the marketing community. The project will deal specifically with the topic of Guerrilla Marketing and how it has evolved to cope with the diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession, so there must be a series of objectives that will demonstrate how best to achieve the projects aim. Through this research: the effects of the recession on marketing and its trends will be evaluated. the issue of Guerrilla Marketing increasing in its applications naturally over time will be considered Or whether it has increased in correlation to recession and the effects that it has brought to the marketing community will be investigated The extent to which Guerrilla Marketing has or has not replaced existing or more traditional techniques in the current economic climate will be explored. Saunders comments that research objectives are more generally acceptable to the research community as evidence of the researchers clear sense of purpose and direction. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) This will be achieved through a demonstration of why the research is important and has to be conducted. The Literature Review will provide an awareness of preceding literature, a critical review of the literature concerning Guerrilla Marketing in the recession and the key issues arising from these works regarding the aim of the proposal. The Research Methodology will identify how best to conduct the research itself, whether it be through primary or secondary research and how best to analyse and interpret the results. The Proposed Time Scale will detail a timetable for conducting all aspects of the research proposal and project. From this it hoped that there will be a better understanding of how the current economic recession has impacted on the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing, whether it has had to evolve at a faster rate in order to combat the ever changing marketing environment and whether possible changes in marketing budgets that companies have available have had a direct impact on this. Through the implementation of the objectives stated previously, this should be an achievable research project. Importance of the Research Jay Conrad Levinson is widely regarded as the father of Guerrilla Marketing. He has written several books on the topic. He is a former Vice President and Creative Director at J. Walter Thompson Advertising and Leo Burnett Advertising. He is also the chairman of Guerrilla Marketing International. Guerrilla Marketing is defined as Tactics available to every small firm to compete with bigger firms by carving out narrow, profitable niches. These tactics include: 1) extreme specialisation, 2) aiming every effort at favourably impressing the customers, 3) providing service that goes beyond the customers expectation, 4) fast response time, 5) quick turnaround of jobs, and 6) working hours that match the customers requirements. (Business Dictionary 2009) With the tough economic climate, companies are increasingly having to use more cost effective marketing techniques to stay ahead of the competition. This research will expand upon Levinsons previous work and relate the applications and evolution of Guerrilla Marketing to a marketing environment in a recession. Significant Prior Research/ Literature Review The review of the literature on significant prior research is crucial when carrying out a research proposal. In this case, it is important to be aware of studies or research that have been carried out previously on the topic of the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. The analysis of the literature will show that people may support or disprove a particular theory or hypothesis. It is essential in the literature review to be critical, as an argument cannot be made if it just supports one standpoint. It must therefore reflect all sides and aspects of the research topic. The choice of literature to be reviewed is extremely important. It is crucial that all the sources referenced are relevant to the topic area and that they are of suitable academic standard. Several sources of previous literature will now be examined. Guerrilla Marketing During Tough Times is written by famed Guerrilla Marketing author Jay Conrad Levinson. The book is directed at business owners. This book has particular importance as it demonstrates the need for Guerrilla Marketing in increasingly tough economic environments. It comments on the need for there to be better creativity in marketing in times when there are stricter restraints on time and budgets for marketing. He comments that the guerrilla lives by different rules during tough economic times than during boom times. The guerrilla attacks when the competition retreats and the attack is concentrated where the guerrilla offers specific service or product advantages. Levinson goes onto say that retreating companies leave a void in the market, which is an ideal niche for guerrilla marketing companies. (Levinson 2006) Levinson further highlights the necessity for distinction and making the marketing unique. This book is of significance due to the importance Levinson places on being able to market in a way that is more cost effective and time sensitive than competitors. This is all made relevant to the increasingly tough economic climate he comments on which is at the heart of this research proposal. Guerrilla Marketing Easy and Inexpensive Strategies for Making Big Profits From Your Small Business is another book from Jay Conrad Levinson. This is a significant piece of literature as it highlights in great detail how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved. The book was published in 2007 and is a seminal piece in the analysis of how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved in the 21st century in relation to traditional marketing methods. The book highlights how in the current economy Guerrilla Marketing combats smarter and more sophisticated competition. (Levinson, Levinson Levinson 2007) It details how to develop a Guerrilla Marketing plan to best deal with competitors. He further highlights the need for innovation and how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved on an ad-hoc basis through various new media such as the internet. This text supports his literature mentioned previously and is central to the aims and objectives of this proposal. Even More Offensive Marketing by Hugh Davidson provides a basis for how marketing strategies have evolved over time. It stresses the need for there to be constant innovation in marketing. Davidson comments that Offensive Marketing requires a dedication to both strategy and planning. (Davidson 1997) This book details how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved out of necessity in order for marketers to be pioneering and ahead of the competition. Although the book makes no direct reference to Guerrilla Marketing, it does provide the foundation for how it has come to play such an important role in current marketing strategies and shows the need for constant innovation in marketing. Ethnography for Marketers is a journal article from Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. This journal is a significant piece of literature as it describes how marketers have become increasingly more reliant upon Guerrilla Marketing techniques through methods such as Ethnography Marketing. It details how the marketing community is increasingly having to adopt new techniques to cope with an ever changing marketing environment. (Desai 2008) Guerrilla marketing is a journal article written by Andrew Ashwin. It is a relevant source for the proposal as Ashwin highlights the fact that guerrilla marketing is an unconventional approach to marketing and has become increasingly popular over recent years. He highlights the link between it and the fact that there are somewhat limited marketing budgets for companies, particular smaller ones. This will draw upon the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing into the recession. (Ashwin 2006) Guerrilla marketing for information services is a journal article from Guido Baltes and Isabell Leibing. The article describes how Guerrilla Marketing is an unconventional strategy. It details major differences in it from traditional marketing methods, such as cost effectiveness and the applications of Guerrilla Marketing towards information services which as time moves further into the 21st century, becomes increasingly more important. (Baltes, Leibing 2008) The IPA Bellwether Summary 2009 from WARC provides up to third quarter information on marketing budgets for the 300 biggest UK companies, it gives reference to the market break down as well. This is a very good source of information. (Whiteside 2009a) Hairy need not apply is a scholars article from Marketing Research which shows the practical applications of Guerrilla Marketing in the current economic climate. The article gives information on a campaign by Air New Zealand that used a Guerrilla Marketing technique in order to speed up queues at check-in order to reduce the layover time in airports, which would make the airline more cost effective. (Grapentine 2009) In order for the literature review to be comprehensive and critical of all aspects of the aims and objectives, other sources of literature that may conflict or appear critical to the literature already listed must be examined. Essentials of Marketing by Jim Blythe is a book of relevance to this research proposal as it describes the essential aspects of marketing. Blythe goes into detail regarding the marketing environment in which companies operate through methods such as SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) and PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) analysis. (Blythe 2008) This provides a comprehensive account of the factors that may affect or influence which particular style of marketing companies may adopt in light of the economic recession. An example of this would include the Political and Economic effects the recession will have on the evolution or use of Guerrilla Marketing as a marketing strategy. Through the various forms of analysis Blythe can be critical of the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing. Levinsons message behind Guerrilla Marketing is about crushing the potential impact of competition by staying ahead of the competition, yet Blythe comments that there should be more cooperation and not as much fighting between competitors which is contrary to the previous literature from Levinson. Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning by Graham Hooley et al. is a book that is not essentially critical of the increasing use of Guerrilla Marketing as a weapon for marketers in the recession, but rather highlights alternative confrontation marketing strategies. The alternative strategies include Frontal Attack, Flanking Attack, Encirclement Attack and Bypass Strategy. (Hooley, Saunders Piercy 2004) This source is of relevance as it serves to demonstrate that Guerrilla Marketing strategies are not the only option for marketers who wish to have a high impact campaign and that there may not be a direct correlation between the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing and the recession. All the literature that has been mentioned is of direct relevance and importance to the research proposal and the aims and objectives of the report. Research Methodology This section of the research proposal is very important as it indicates how the research on the topic (A critical evaluation of how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession) will be carried out. The approach adopted to the research focuses on the aims and objectives. The amount and type of data collected and through what means, will be described and its relevance to the topic clarified. The methodology provides the avenue through which results can be analysed and interpreted. Phase 1 The first phase of the methodology is to conduct a literature review. The literature review shows what prior research has or has not been carried out. It shows the extent to which research has been carried out and will help to formulate a structure for the collection and analysis of data, whether it be primary or secondary sources of data. The literature review was carried out previously, there are several seminal pieces of literature that are of specific importance to the research. Levinson has written several books on Guerrilla Marketing. He makes particular reference to the diversifying nature of the marketing environment and how Guerrilla Marketing is used as a method for attracting and keeping customers. Several other sources mentioned highlight the practical application Guerrilla Marketing with particular reference to the effect of recession and the effects it is having upon existing or traditional marketing trends. However in order for the literature review to be objective, sources have been examined that are critical of the standpoints taken by Levinson and other authors in regard to Guerrilla Marketing. The nature of this research will be inductive as it will provide the basis to fulfil the aims and objectives of the research project. The nature of the research topic is such that no clear hypothesis can be made. The data will be collected and examined and patterns will be sought within the data. The inductive approach will allow for the adoption of different research techniques that will enable the research to cater for the restrictions on time, access to information and types of analysis used to interpret the results. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) The research onion below can help to show which research strategies will be used and why. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, Levinson, Levinson Levinson 2007) Phase 2 In order to fully understand the research project and make it accurate, the proposal must centre on the questions that need answered and the objectives of the research. The aims and objectives are essentially the research question: The research project will deal specifically with the topic of Guerrilla Marketing and how it has evolved to cope with the diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. So in order to fulfil the aim of this project there must be a series of objectives that will demonstrate how best to go about achieving the aims. Through this research an evaluation of the effects of the recession in marketing and its trends will examined. Has Guerrilla Marketing increased in its applications naturally over time? Or has it increased in correlation to recession and the effects that it has brought to the marketing community. The examination of the extent to which Guerrilla Marketing has or has not replaced existing or more traditional techniques in the current economic climate. Therefore the design of the research to be carried out must reflect the type of data that will be collected and how the results will be analysed and interpreted. Extracting the right answers lies in the design approach. (Jankowicz 2005) This research will be an exploratory study of the evaluation of how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. Adams and Schvaneveldt comment that exploratory research can be likened to the activities of the explorer or traveller. The major advantage with such an approach, is that it is flexible and adaptable to change. This research design allows for freedom to change direction in the light of new data or information that may appear. (Adams, Schvaneveldt 1991) Whilst the initial direction of the study may be broad, it will become narrower as the research process continues. Phase 3 The Research Strategy must address the aims and objectives of the proposal. The objectives of the proposal (below) will help to determine what level of secondary data must be analysed and interpreted in order to best show what type of primary data should be collected. Through this research an evaluation of the effects of the recession in marketing and its trends will examined. Has Guerrilla Marketing increased in its applications naturally over time? Or has it increased in correlation to recession and the effects that it has brought to the marketing community. The examination of the extent to which Guerrilla Marketing has or has not replaced existing or more traditional techniques in the current economic climate. In order to fulfil the aims and objectives of this research proposal, (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) comments that it is prudent to reanalyse data that has already been collected for some other purpose. This data is known as secondary data. Secondary data can include figures, reports and published work. With the nature of this study in relation to the recession, comparative data available from databases will be crucial. Secondary data has many advantages; the data is of high quality i.e. is peer reviewed, it can be comparative and longitudinal thus helping to show possible trends over an extended period of time. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) The literature mentioned in the literature review will provide a foundation for the research. Several of the works relate directly to the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing. They are known as Documentary Secondary data. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) The opinions and standpoints that scholars and experts take on the area of research play a huge role in the development and refinement of the research. The quality of the data that is analysed will have a huge bearing on the validity of the research. These literary sources will provide information on the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing against traditional marketing techniques. A Keynote report Direct Marketing 2009 is a very useful source of secondary data as it gives a large amount of information on the market size of the marketing industry, what sectors have been affected by the recession, how budgets have been altered and how trends have been affected by the recession. (Keynote 2009) Another Keynote report which is of great value to the research is Direct Marketing Services 2008. It gives the accounts filed for 3 years of marketing companies and agencies up to April 2007. This report will provide a lot of accurate and up to date information on marketing activities leading up to the recession. For companies to be included in the report they must generate 50% of their turnover from activities relating to the report and be of significant size within the industry. (Keynote 2008b) B2B Marketing 2008 from Keynote gives information on marketing trends and how B2B marketing compares to B2C marketing. This report will highlight possible trends that can be drawn from the research. (Keynote 2008a) The IPA Bellwether Report 2009 from WARC provides up to third quarter information on marketing budgets for the 300 biggest UK companies, it gives reference to the market breakdown as well. This is a very good piece of secondary data. This report will help in the drawing of conclusions from the research. (Whiteside 2009a) Recession Marketing again from WARC provides a series of articles on Recession Innovation, Consumer Behaviour, Consumer Recovery, Better Budgeting and Plans for the Downturn. These articles give particular reference to the effects of the recession on marketing trends and the evolution of offensive marketing techniques. (Whiteside 2009b) The collection of secondary data within this study should ultimately lead to the collection of primary data. The collection of primary data will be achieved through interviews. But who will be interviewed, why and what topics will be covered in the interviews relative to the aims and objectives of the research? The importance of the interview is to gather qualitative information on the research topic. A qualitative interview is a term used for unstructured and or semi-structured interviews aimed at gathering qualitative data. Qualitative data is data that does not have a direct numerical value as it has not been quantified. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) In order to gather information of the highest validity and reliability, a wide range of interviews will take place. With this in mind, the degree of access to possible interviewees plays a huge role in the interview selection. The sampling strategy for the interviews is very important. It will not be feasible to interview every marketing company within the UK or every company that has used Guerrilla Marketing within the UK. As such, the interview sample will be a non-probability sample. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) This is because for the research to be of the highest possible validity and reliability the interviews will not be selected statistically. Since the sample must be reflective of the aims and objectives of the research, it will be a Purposive sample. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) Two representatives from the Chartered Institute of Marketing have been contacted and are willing to give interviews. These representatives will give valuable insight into the developing trends within marketing. M2S Consultancy from Portadown will provide valuable insight into the area of B2B planning and marketing in Northern Ireland IAS Smarts is an advertising company that has carried out notable advertising campaigns within the non-profit sector in Northern Ireland A representative from Invest NI from will be able to provide data on the effects of offensive marketing strategies for companies in Northern Ireland and information on possible correlations within marketing in the recession Millward Brown, a marketing company in Northern Ireland that has a contract with Newtownabbey Borough Council, will provide valuable insight into the extent to which Guerrilla Marketing is a feasible marketing strategy for public sector organisations. A representative from The Institute of Practitioners in Advertising can provide valuable insight into whether the applications of Guerrilla Marketing have evolved naturally over time or in correlation to the recession. A representative from Virgin Atlantics marketing department can give information from the aspect of a company that has used Guerrilla Marketing techniques in previous campaigns . The extent to which the campaigns have been a success or failure will be relative to possible turnover figure and quarterly reports. The interviews will be non-standardised and semi-structured in format. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) This format will allow for information on a wide a varying topic area to be gathered from participants who have wide ranging areas of expertise and can provide information covering the aims and objectives of the proposal. The semi-structured format will allow for the omission or inclusion of particular topics relative to each interviewee. The qualitative nature of the interviews will provide the ability to probe for in-depth information and gain a better understanding of the research collected previously from the secondary data. For the interviews to yield the best information a pilot of the interviews will be run with two representatives from the Chartered Institute of Marketing and a representative from the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising. From the pilot, feedback will be gathered and possible changes made to interview structures and topic areas covered before the fina l interviews are carried out. The interviews will cover a broad range of topics that are ethical to the research. The topics areas will allow for the interviewees to expand on topics depending on their particular area of expertise. The topics covered will be relative to the aims and objectives. Here is a broad outline of the topics to be covered: The extent of their involvement in marketing Their role within said organisation What the organisations role is The extent of their knowledge of Guerrilla Marketing and its applications Opinions on Guerrilla Marketing in the marketing community The evolution of marketing strategiesnaturally or as a correlation with the restrictions. The extent to which traditional marketing techniques have been replaced by Guerrilla Marketing The longevity of Guerrilla Marketing Strategies The extent to which it has helped said organisation Possible marketing strategies, post-recession The effect the recession has had on said organisation and what marketing strategies have been adopted. From this qualitative research it is hoped that a sufficient amount of data can be gathered, along with the secondary data, that results can be formulated and the aims and objectives of this inductive study can be met. Phase 4 The next phase of the methodology is the analysis and interpretation of the results using the data gathered previously. The structure and nature of the secondary sources is such that, it is hoped possible trends or correlations may appear. This research is based upon qualitative research and although it has no direct numerical value, the data still needs to be interpreted and understood. The first stage is then to transcribe the interviews. The interviews will be audio recorded and then word processed. The nature in which the interviews are going to take place will require that notes are taken on interviewee appearance, attitude and facial expressions when talking about certain topics relative to the study. As the research is following an inductive and exploratory approach it is not necessary to have clearly defined theoretical framework. Instead relationships can be identified between the data and hypothesis developed to test these. Theory emerges from the process of data collection and analysis. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) go on to highlight three main ways of grouping data: Categorisation of meanings The structure of meanings, using narration The condensation of meanings. Using the three types of data processing mentioned earlier along with analytic aids such as summaries or a researchers diary, this should enable the qualitative data to be reliable and valid. From the data there should be a comprehension of the results, an integration of related data drawn from different sources, key or recurring themes should be identified for further exploration, theories should be tested based on these patterns and conclusions drawn from the results gathered. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) Timetable In order to conduct the research project to the highest possible standard a timetable for the completion of each stage of the research process is crucial. The timetable has to be realistic considering the amount of work to be completed, the amount of access to data and data processing. Week 1 4th January 2010 (1 week) Formulate Research Idea Week 2 11th February 2010 (1 week) Outline Aims and Objectives of Research Week 3 18th January 2010 (2 weeks) Literature Read Week 4 25th January 2010 Week 5 1st February 2010 (2 weeks) Start writing Literature Review Week 6 8th February 2010 Week 7 15th February 2010 (2 weeks) Collect Secondary and Primary Data Week 8 22nd February 2010 Week 9 1st March 2010 (2 weeks) Write up and Analysis of Data Week 10 8th March 2010 Week 11 15th March 2010 (1 week) Finish and submit draft for feedback Week 12 22nd March 2010 (1 week) Submit finished and corrected project The timetable should provide a rough outline for the completion of the project and will allow enough time to complete each section of the report.