Belfast Travellers: Services and Policies

capital of Northern Ireland Travellers Services and PoliciesCase Study capital of Northern Ireland TravellersThe case study envisions the provision of allowance and other services for the travel community in the capital of Northern Ireland area everyplace a 30 year time period. During this time many different agencies, including the Department of the Environment (DoE), the Belfast City Council (BCC), the Northern Ireland Housing Executive (NIHE) and a number of voluntary sector organizations, were involved in attempting to provide services to the travellers. This essay depart examine the degree to which the travellers introduced in specifying their unavoidably and in designing policies to address them, and relate such consultation to different concepts of participation menti hotshotd by Cornwall (2003). The concluding paragraph will evaluate the success, or otherwise, of such participation in delivering a sense of empowerment and self-reliance to the travelling community.Alth ough community development has been a strategy of some(prenominal) statutory and voluntary sectors in Northern Ireland (NI) for many years1, until relatively recently it does non seem to relieve oneself been applied to the travelling community. This process works at a community manoeuvre, through community groups and the appointment of local community development workers who engage with the community to identify needs, raise issues, and develop programmes to address those needs.2 Although this strategy was no doubt consciously applied to the settled community, in that location is little evidence of it being used before 1992 with the travelling community. For example, the initial issues for providing accommodation for the travellers involved the provision of camping sites. At the Colin Glen site there were problems of overcrowding, compounded by the relocation to the site of families unrelated to those already there, which caused conflict between the groups. A contributing fac tor to this deterioration was the lack of consultation with the travellers before moving additional families to the site. The entire site was eventually abandoned3. Initially the BCC provided sites, but these were often seedy serviced and were built without proper consultation. Responsibility for providing accommodation for travellers was later moved to the NIHE, and travellers were consulted rough which families would be housed in group housing, developed through the use of housing associations.4 However, they were not active in the running of the housing associations.5 A report from 1980 titled Services for Travelling People in NI, issued by the Coordinating Committee for rise up-disposed Problems, stated that the various voluntary sector agencies involved with the travelling community felt that they had rough-and-ready policies, even though there had been no consultation with travellers.6 much encouragingly, the Belfast Travellers Site Project (BTSP) was set up in 1985 with a committee consisting of 50% travellers and 50% settled people. Its aims were to improve sites in Belfast and to have an input into policies regarding travellers in general.7 In 1992 BTSP initiated a number of community-based activities, and one of their most important endeavours was that travellers were employed to work as community workers in their own communities. This initiative seems to fall within Cornwalls description of invited participation.8 Amongst the successes of the community development approach, the committee felt it had modifyd to an increase in the travellers sense of worth and the value of their bad-tempered culture.9The state also played its part in trying to create an environment in which citizens could give input active issues affecting them. to a great extent attention was given to a rights-based approach to development, and in 1998 the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission was established, which gave the travellers an opportunity to make official co mplaints.10 This resonates with what the study guide has to say about the concept of citizenship 11 as well as with Cornwalls concept of an aware citizenry12Probably the most important improvement in the possibilities for participation came from the cornerstone of An Munia Tober ((The Good Road) in 2005, from an amalgamation of a number of smaller community groups.Their objectives are to provide services and act as an advocate for travellers, as well as offering opportunities for travellers to be involved in their own development 13In general, the voluntary sector has been consistent in trying to encourage the travellers to par instruct in decision making and to participate in the management of projects, and several agencies have included representatives from travellers. However, travellers still feel that there is insufficient consultation. Those that do participate often feel that their views are not given due weight. For this reason, groups that work with travellers continue to promote their active participation, and try to help them to obtain the skills they need to contribute effectively. A proposed All Ireland study on Travellers, due to have started in 2007, in disposeed to train travellers as researchers. The intention was not still to teach parvenue skills, but also to impart increased ownership, improve confidence, and thereby reduce any inhibitions against forcefully arguing their case. 14The success or failure of the various interventions in obtaining participation from the travelling community, and thereby imbuing them with a sense of empowerment and self-reliance, is difficult to judge. Certainly, the failures to obtain input and participation resulted in notable disasters, such as at Colin Glen. The Traveller Movement (NI) concluded that there had been a policy failure of staggering proportions in the treatment of travellers in general.15 However, the success of the NIHE in accommodating over 50% of the travellers in group housing, consultin g with them about which families to house together, demonstrates that a participative approach can produce commodity results. The policies of the BTSP in employing travellers as community workers, and in involving greater come of travellers in educational and health related activities, have contributed to an improvement in their sense of worth. On balance, both the negative consequences of non-participation, and the positive results from consultative approaches, tend to indicate that participation does contribute to a sense of empowerment and self-reliance.BibliographyCourse BookCornwall, A. (2003) Looking back to move forward in Cornwall, A. Beneficiary, Consumer, Citizen Perspectives on interest for Poverty Reduction, Stockholm, SIDA.Le Mare, A (2006) Belfast travellers a case study of the provision of housing and services for the travelling community in Belfast contrive Count With footnotes1065Without footnotes10061Footnotes1 Belfast Travellers, 2006 72 Belfast Travellers, 200 6 73 Belfast Travellers, 2006 94 Belfast Travellers, 2006 105 Belfast Travellers, 2006 156 Belfast Travellers, 2006 117 Belfast Travellers, 2006 118 Cornwall, A. 2003 76-79 Belfast Travellers, 2006 12/1310 Belfast Travellers, 2006 1411 Course Book 6512 Cornwall, A. 2003 7613 Belfast Travellers, 2006 1614 Belfast Travellers, 2006 1715 Belfast Travellers, 2006 13Should The establishments Regulate The lucre?Should The Governments Regulate The mesh?In 20th centuries, number of net citizen is growing fast around the World. Survey conducted by network Usage Statistics shows that over twenty-five percent of world population are internet users 11. Because of the internet popularizing trend, the importance of Internet censorship has also risen. As a result, I believe that the Internet should be regulated by the Governments.This article is going to discuss mainly three areas. They are social, economical and political. Exploring the advantages and disadvantages on implementing pattern on the Internet, by reviewing current situations between United States, China and Hong Kong, what regulation have been done on the Internet. I picked Hong Kong as my studied area, as it is my supporting place, it is necessary to be concerned. While Hong Kong is executing One Country Two System, my motherland China, carrying out one system only, is also reviewed in this article. United States, which is claimed to be a model country of advocate peoples freedom, is chosen for comparison as a role of foreign country. There would be different aspects and outcomes of regulating the Internet within these three countries. Followed by, my reason on supporting Government should regulate the Internet.Firstly, I am going to discuss social issue. Public health is one reason supporting regulation on the Internet. Nowadays, many pornography sites can be accessed easily by just clicking Im above 18.. Children would get sex and abusive information from these sites easily without parent guidance. Thus , Internet control has become important to value children. In United States, Communications Decency make believe (CDA), established in 1996, regulates on offensive and obscenity content 23. For Hong Kong, there is also law for obscene and violence control. It is called Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance (Chapter 390) 14. According to South Sina intelligence information (2007), a Hong Kong netizen, Mr. Woo, was sentenced as he published obscene links on the Internet 13. When compare to Chinese Government, they only have some agreements on Internet control, there is no a concrete law that the internet censorship should follows. Thus, internet censorship in China is mainly held by filtering systems, or firewall. A common blocking system in China would be Green Dam Youth Escort (Green Dam) 20. It is designed to filter illegal contents. Start from May, 2009, the bundle is required to pre-install in personal computers produced by China. The system protects children fr om violence and pornography.Problem of cyber-bullying is also one factor affecting public health. It causes psychological harm to netizens. In America, Megan Taylor Meier was committed suicide because a friends mother, Lori Drew. She humiliated Megan. Drew created a male account named Josh Evans, and bully Megan on the Internet. After investigation, Lori Drew was caught. This is not the only case that would cause psychological harm. In Hong Kong, net citizens would post persons data on the internet when they think the person is misconducted. Privacy like phone numbers, address, working place, etc., is exposed. Daily lives of many victims are badly affected. They are afraid to be recognized outside home. Tsui Yu Hin 5 is one of victims in Hong Kong. He was insulted by netizens pushing his significant girlfriend down elevator. Netizens setup a facebook group blaming his misbehavior. This affair was interrupting Tsuis living, he kept receiving disturbing phone calls. Cyber-bullying w ould cause victims much depression, negative impact on working or academic performance, extreme violent behavior such as murder or committed suicide.To prevent cyber-bullying, American has established the Megan Meier Cyber-bullying barroom Act, this is one of the first cyber-bullying laws that protects children and adults from disturbs. This is a case that showing netizens are needed to take consequences for what they have done on the internet. I believe it is a good way to lighten the problem of cyber-bullying. Chinese and Hong Kong Government should follow the actions taken of U.S.Secondly, the sparing issue is discussed. Foreign-invested enterprise, such as Google, Yahoo, Facebook, etc., that are widely-used, has potential to strengthen the links between countries and global economy. Businesses such as mobile phones connecting Google, are being popular. Besides, companies can gain from owning the copyright. Protecting copyright would help providing a fair contender environme nt. As a result, Governments establish laws to accuse infringing on Copyrights currently, including film industry, music industry, etc., mainly related to creativity. One law in United States, Anti-cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) of 1999, 21, legislate the registration of domain names with trademarks. Though Hong Kong does not have same law, there is another potential law for protecting rights of trademark owners. The intellect Property Department 7 is set up to handle copyright, designs, personal intellectual properties and trademarks. Rules correlated to Trade Marks Ordinance, Patents Ordinance, and Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance are introduced to protect creativity and balance the interest of the right owners and society. CHAN Nai Ming, a Hong Kong citizen, was jailed as he uploaded Hollywood films onto the Internet, while it is violating the copyright. While in China, there is also copyright registry on the website of National Copyright Administration of the Pe oples Republic of China 12. It is elucidate that regulating internet by the Government could be beneficial to economy factor.Lastly, political issue is discussed. small contents, mainly related to religion and politics, are usually filtered. In United States, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was introduced on May 18, 1977. 22. It limits foreign political relations, groups, or individuals (e.g. spies), that would cause inter field terrorism, and attacks. It prevents citizens to perform illegal activities. In China, filtering is required for protecting citizen from misconduct contents. MySpace China is one of the samples applied filtering. 2. Sensitive topics are filtered, for example, Taiwan independence. In MySpace China, there is an abused report function for users. Abused account would be block when found that the abuse is true. This could help detective work illegal netizens. Chinese Government would even interfere in administration of company or limit individuals freedom. Huang Qi 1018, a website owner criticized the role of government in the student massacre June 4th 1989 in his website. Government considered his website content as illegal, as a result, Huang Qi was arrested on 3 June 2000, and facts stated on his website were blocked.In 2009, thousands of protesters took to the streets in Xinjiang Riot. Officials reported that protesters made use of Twitter/Facebook to gather themselves in Xinjiang Province. Many unauthorized postings on local sites and Google were limited by censors during and after the riots.Based on BBC News, search engine Google was blocked by China 13. It was because China requested Google to filter controversial materials but Google denied. As a result, there is no Google.cn found on the internet. This shows that, when filtering or blocking is carried out, information transmission is limited. This would be beneficial to the Government. By controlling the access right, negative information about the government can be blocked.By looking at the cases in China and America, they show that filtering and setting up laws can help protecting national security, keeping netizens away from getting offending information. However, on the Internet users point of view, filtering would have an impact on getting updated news because filtering may block more than expected. Lots of useful information may be blocked. The regulation is far from perfect. Though there is such disadvantage, I believe internet should still be regulated by the government.When compared the level of internet censorship between Hong Kong and China, it is less strict in Hong Kong. Net citizens in Hong Kong have rooms to criticize the Government on the Internet, which would help monitoring the Government. When Hong Kong Government was introducing 2012 Act Now, net citizens were teasing by creating similar slogan and logo 2012 All Wrong. Though the censorship level is lower, there are still laws managing the disciplines on the internet. Accor ding to Ming Pao Newspaper (2008), netizen spread the message Hong Kong will become a city of SARS 46. Large numbers of people were frightened and thus bought and stored rice bulkily. The netizen was sentenced Access to computer with criminal or dishonest intent 924. It shows that net citizens are still required to take responsibilities.To summarize, internet censorship would be beneficial on social, economical and political areas, protecting privacy and intelligence property, keeping social order and public health. It is clear that Internet-censorship is necessary as Governments in different countries are already taking actions to control the Internet. Despite the advantages, in my point of view, Governments should regulate the Internet because it is more effective to carry out the disciplines from top-down strategy. Followed by, having the cooperation from other roles, such as webmaster. To me, an effective regulation should extend to set up laws only. Citizens would know that he/ she need to take consequence even on virtual world. Person violating laws would be arrested, where there is room for the freedom of speech on the Internet.In conclusion, regulation is beneficial on many aspects. It could help protecting privacy and intelligence property, keeping social order and public health. Though Internet censorship is a difficult toil to perform, it is a necessary action taken.